Farms and Farm Households During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic affected the U.S. economy, including the farm sector and farm households. Farm businesses experienced disruptions to production because of lowered availability of labor and other inputs, and output prices were affected by changes in demand for commodities in certain market segments. In response to the economic turmoil from COVID-19, the U.S. Congress passed 6 economic relief and stimulus bills in 2020 to provide financial assistance to farm businesses and farm households. USDA and other government agencies worked to implement authorized programs and disburse payments in 2020–22.

These sections will be updated as new and relevant information becomes available:

Farm Sector Income During the Pandemic

The USDA Economic Research Service (ERS) releases farm income and financial forecasts three times per year. How the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic affected the 2020–22 farm financial indicators is reflected in the  farm income estimates and forecasts released on February 4, 2022. To learn more, please visit the Farm Sector Income and Finances topic page.

The farm income outlook evolved during the pandemic because of changing conditions, including changes in commodity prices, production, and government support. For example, projections for the value of agricultural sector production, a key component of farm income, shifted throughout 2020 and 2021. In early February 2020, just before the outbreak of the pandemic in the U.S., the combined value of production for 8 major crops—barley, corn, upland cotton, oats, rice, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat—for crop year 2020/21 was forecast at $108.8 billion based on price and production quantity projections from USDA Agricultural Projections to 2029. Starting in May 2020, the World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) report had price and production projections for crop year 2020/21 and with the June 2020 WASDE report, the combined value of production forecast was revised down 5 percent, to $103.7 billion. Three months later, in September 2020, the forecast was revised up to $110 billion, 1 percent above the pre-pandemic February 2020 forecast. With the May 2021 WASDE report, the 2020/21 crop year price and production projections became estimates, and the value of production was estimated at $128.0 billion, 18 percent above the February 2020 forecast. Most of the upward revisions in September 2020 and May 2021 were because of higher commodity prices rather than changes in production quantities. Any further revisions to the WASDE data for 2020/21 after May 2021 are likely to be small.

The 2020 forecast for the combined value of production of 6 major animal/animal products (beef, pork, broilers, turkeys, eggs, and milk) fluctuated throughout the 2020 calendar year but remained lower than the pre-pandemic forecast. The pre-pandemic January 2020 forecast of the combined value of production for beef, pork, broilers, turkeys, eggs, and milk was $144.1 billion. In June 2020, that forecast was revised down $17.9 billion (12 percent) to $126.2 billion. The September 2020 forecast was slightly higher than the June forecast at $127.5 billion. By May 2021, the value of production was estimated at $131.3 billion, 9 percent below the pre-pandemic January 2020 forecast.

For the farm income forecasts, ERS creates calendar-year forecasts of cash receipts and value of production based on the WASDE and other data.

For more information on trends in the value of production forecasts using monthly data see

COVID-19 Working Paper: A Timely Tool for Evaluating Financial Conditions in Agriculture: USDA Forecasts of the Value of Production in the Face of COVID-19

Federal Financial Assistance to the Agriculture Sector

In response to the economic turmoil from COVID-19, Congress passed 6 economic relief and stimulus bills in 2020. Using the authority from one of the bills, the USDA created the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program (CFAP), specifically targeted to farm operations. Other Federal departments and agencies created more general programs that some farm operations were eligible for, such as the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), or expanded eligibility to the agriculture sector, such as  the Economic Injury Disaster Loan Program (EIDL).

Below is a brief discussion of some assistance available to farm operations. Further information and analysis on 2020 payments is available, see

COVID-19 Working Paper: Financial Assistance for Farm Operations and Farm Households in the Face of COVID-19

Coronavirus Food Assistance Programs

USDA developed and implemented two rounds of funding for the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program. We refer to the first round as CFAP 1 and the second round as CFAP 2. Both rounds combined provided $23.5 billion ($10.5 billion from CFAP 1 and $13 billion from CFAP 2) in direct payments to farmers and ranchers in 2020. CFAP provided direct payments to producers who faced market disruptions, increased production costs, and reduced farm-level prices.

Payments as reported on farmers.gov at the end of 2020 from both rounds of CFAP totaled $11.5 billion for producers of animal and animal products and $12.0 billion for crop producers.

The USDA website provides additional details about CFAP programs, including current levels of payments under CFAP1 and CFAP2 by commodity and State.

USDA Pandemic Assistance to Producers

On March 24, 2021, USDA announced USDA Pandemic Assistance to Producers, a new initiative to provide financial assistance to producers who felt the effects of COVID-19 market disruptions. USDA is dedicating at least $6 billion to this initiative that aims to reach a broader set of producers than in previous COVID-19 relief programs. USDA has made additional payments to producers under existing CFAP programs and  rolled out new programs under the initiative. More information about USDA Pandemic Assistance to the sector, including direct payments to producers, may be found on the farmers.gov website.

While much of the assistance is to be paid directly to farmers, the initiative includes some provisions for funding research, training, and outreach with payments not targeted for farm operations. In the USDA,Economic Research Service farm income statistics, only direct, financial assistance to agricultural producers is included as income. 

Paycheck Protection Program

The Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), implemented by the Small Business Administration (SBA), is intended to help small businesses—including farm operations—keep employees on the payroll and/or bring back furloughed or laid off workers. To be eligible, a business must either have positive employee payroll costs or positive income, and the loan would be forgiven if used to meet the program criteria. Under this criteria, 2019 Agricultural Resource Management Survey data indicates that 72 percent of all family farm operations would have been eligible to receive a PPP loan. Using publicly available data from the SBA which includes 6-digit North American Industry Classification Series (NAICS) code for each PPP recipient, we found that  the agriculture sector received $6 billion in PPP forgivable loans in 2020. Farm operations identified as being in the crop sector (NAICS 111) received $3.9 billion (65 percent of the total) and those identified as being in the animal sector (NAICS 112) received $2.1 billion (35 percent of the total). In 2021, farms received $8.7 billion in forgivable PPP loans based on SBA data through June 30, 2021.

More information about the PPP, including payments by industry classification, lender, size, and State may be found on the SBA website.

The Chart of Note, COVID-19 Federal financial assistance to U.S. farms varied by State, provides total aid from CFAP and PPP by State in 2020.

Further information may also be found in the Amber Waves findings:

COVID-19 Related Assistance for Family Farm Households

Farm households may be affected by the pandemic through loss of wages and benefits from off-farm jobs or off-farm businesses that supplement income from farming. Family farm households could receive Federal COVID-19-related financial assistance from two main sources: Economic Impact Payments and Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation.

Economic Impact Payments 

Economic Impact Payments (EIP) were meant to provide households with an immediate injection of cash to spur demand and mitigate the economic downturn. The full EIP amount in 2020 was $1,200 for individuals or $2,400 for couples filing jointly; households with dependents received an additional $500 per dependent. ERS estimated the amount of these payments using 2020 ARMS data. These estimates indicate that the median married and single farm household would have received an EIP equivalent to about a one-third of the average monthly income.

Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act provided assistance through Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation (FPUC) to those who were unemployed in 2020 due to the pandemic. These FPUC benefits were in addition to existing State unemployment benefits and were available to anyone who qualified for at least $1 of unemployment benefits. Farm households were eligible and those that applied received FPUC following a pandemic-related job loss or furlough.

Farm Household Income and the Pandemic

The latest USDA, Economic Research Service farm household income estimates for 2020 and forecasts for 2021 and 2022 were released on February 4, 2022 and reflect the observed and expected continued effects of the pandemic. To learn more, please visit the Farm Household Well-being topic page.

For households that operate a farm, total household income is a combination of income earned from the farm and off-farm income. Off-farm income sources vary by household. In 2020, the majority (59 percent) came from wages and salaries of operators and other household members (down from 61 percent in 2019), and the remainder came from:

  • transfer income (23 percent, up from 19 percent in 2019),
  • non-farm business income (7 percent, down from 11 percent in 2019),
  • interest and dividend income (6 percent, up from 4 percent in 2019), and
  • other sources of income (5 percent, down from 6 percent in 2019).

Of these, the loss of wages and salaries earned off the farm are most likely to result in a decline in household income because of COVID-19.

 

Charts of Note:

Recent Research

Data Resources

Related Topics