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  • Rural employment has returned to pre-COVID-19 pandemic level
    2/21/2024
    Rural employment has returned to pre-COVID-19 pandemic level
  • Paycheck Protection Program loans provided $5.8 billion to U.S. farm sector in 2020
    10/23/2023
    Paycheck Protection Program loans provided $5.8 billion to U.S. farm sector in 2020
  • Employment in U.S. agriculture grew 6 percent between 2012 and 2022
    10/3/2023
    Employment in U.S. agriculture grew 6 percent between 2012 and 2022
  • Agricultural labor expenses forecast to increase by almost 2 percent in 2023
    9/11/2023
    Agricultural labor expenses forecast to increase by almost 2 percent in 2023
  • Real wages for U.S. nonsupervisory farm and nonfarm workers, 1990–2022
    8/7/2023
    Real wages for U.S. nonsupervisory farm and nonfarm workers, 1990–2022
  • Employment in agriculture and support industries, 2002–2022
    8/7/2023
    Employment in agriculture and support industries, 2002–2022
  • Labor expenses forecast to increase by more than 4 percent in 2023
    7/24/2023
    Labor expenses forecast to increase by more than 4 percent in 2023
  • Washington grows more than two-thirds of U.S.-produced apples
    6/15/2023
    Washington grows more than two-thirds of U.S.-produced apples
  • In Washington, most H-2A jobs are in fruit and tree nuts production
    6/15/2023
    In Washington, most H-2A jobs are in fruit and tree nuts production
  • Apple prices ranged from $15.22 a box for Romes to $52.35 a box for Honeycrisps in the 2021/21 marketing year
    6/15/2023
    Apple prices ranged from $15.22 a box for Romes to $52.35 a box for Honeycrisps in the 2021/21 marketing year
  • Since 2011, farm worker hourly wages have risen faster than wages of non-farm workers in nonsupervisory positions
    6/15/2023
    Since 2011, farm worker hourly wages have risen faster than wages of non-farm workers in nonsupervisory positions
  • Florida, California, and Georgia accounted for one-third of H-2A jobs in FY 2022
    5/30/2023
    Florida, California, and Georgia accounted for one-third of H-2A jobs in FY 2022
  • Share of U.S. farm laborers/graders/sorters who are women, 2006–21
    3/14/2023
    Share of U.S. farm laborers/graders/sorters who are women, 2006–21
  • Labor costs as a share of total gross cash farm income for selected farm specializations, 2000–20
    3/14/2023
    Labor costs as a share of total gross cash farm income for selected farm specializations, 2000–20
  • Legal status of hired crop farmworkers, fiscal 1991–2020
    3/14/2023
    Legal status of hired crop farmworkers, fiscal 1991–2020
  • U.S. hired farmworkers by census region and metropolitan status, 2021
    3/14/2023
    U.S. hired farmworkers by census region and metropolitan status, 2021
  • Average age of U.S. farm laborers/graders/sorters by place of birth, 2006–21
    3/14/2023
    Average age of U.S. farm laborers/graders/sorters by place of birth, 2006–21
  • U.S. H-2A (temporary agricultural employment of foreign workers) positions certified by State, fiscal years 2005–22
    3/14/2023
    U.S. H-2A (temporary agricultural employment of foreign workers) positions certified by State, fiscal years 2005–22
  • Migration patterns of hired crop farmworkers, fiscal 1991–2020
    3/14/2023
    Migration patterns of hired crop farmworkers, fiscal 1991–2020
  • Adverse effect wage rates (AEWR), 2023
    3/14/2023
    Adverse effect wage rates (AEWR), 2023
  • Within the H-2A program, a relatively small number of employers sponsored the majority of H-2A workers in fiscal year 2022
    3/13/2023
    Within the H-2A program, a relatively small number of employers sponsored the majority of H-2A workers in fiscal year 2022
  • The number of H-2A jobs certified increased more than sevenfold from 2005 to 2022
    3/13/2023
    The number of H-2A jobs certified increased more than sevenfold from 2005 to 2022
  • Five States accounted for 51 percent of H-2A certified jobs in fiscal year 2022
    3/13/2023
    Five States accounted for 51 percent of H-2A certified jobs in fiscal year 2022
  • Hiring of H-2A workers has increased for farm labor contractors (FLCs) and individual employers since 2012
    3/13/2023
    Hiring of H-2A workers has increased for farm labor contractors (FLCs) and individual employers since 2012
  • Rising farm worker wages suggest tightening farm labor markets
    1/5/2023
    Rising farm worker wages suggest tightening farm labor markets
  • Most employers use third parties when applying for H-2A worker positions
    10/19/2022
    Most employers use third parties when applying for H-2A worker positions
  • Off-farm occupation farms had the largest percentage of farms managed by principal operators under 55 years of age in 2020
    10/12/2022
    Off-farm occupation farms had the largest percentage of farms managed by principal operators under 55 years of age in 2020
  • H-2A seasonal worker program has expanded over time
    10/3/2022
    H-2A seasonal worker program has expanded over time
  • Specialty crop farms have the highest labor cost as a portion of total cash expenses
    9/20/2022
    Specialty crop farms have the highest labor cost as a portion of total cash expenses
  • Labor quality change, especially educational attainment, contributes positively to U.S. agricultural growth
    4/18/2022
    Labor quality change, especially educational attainment, contributes positively to U.S. agricultural growth
  • The gap in hours worked between hired workers and self-employed and unpaid workers largely disappeared between 1948 and 2017
    2/17/2022
    The gap in hours worked between hired workers and self-employed and unpaid workers largely disappeared between 1948 and 2017
  • Total factor productivity (TFP) has led changes in agricultural output growth despite diminishing contributions from labor
    2/17/2022
    Total factor productivity (TFP) has led changes in agricultural output growth despite diminishing contributions from labor
  • Despite declines in labor contribution to output growth driven by a decline in hours worked, education has been a positive contributing factor from 1948 to 2017
    2/17/2022
    Despite declines in labor contribution to output growth driven by a decline in hours worked, education has been a positive contributing factor from 1948 to 2017
  • Labor productivity grew regardless of the labor input measure from 1948 to 2017
    2/17/2022
    Labor productivity grew regardless of the labor input measure from 1948 to 2017
  • The increase in labor productivity coincided with the U.S. farm sector increasing the intensities of other input per unit of labor
    2/17/2022
    The increase in labor productivity coincided with the U.S. farm sector increasing the intensities of other input per unit of labor
  • A higher share of farm operators of large farms—with gross income of at least $1 million—have graduated from college, but the gap is closing
    2/17/2022
    A higher share of farm operators of large farms—with gross income of at least $1 million—have graduated from college, but the gap is closing