Documentation
USDA has estimated annual production costs and returns and
published accounts for major field crop and livestock enterprises
since 1975. Cost and return estimates are reported for the United
States and major production regions for corn, soybeans, wheat,
cotton, grain sorghum, rice, peanuts, oats, barley, milk, hogs, and
cow-calf.
The history of U.S. and regional cost and return estimates is
divided into three categories:
Preliminary annual estimates are released during the first week
of May and final annual estimates released during the first week of
October.
Cost-of-Production Forecasts are also available
for U.S. major field crops. Cost-of-production forecasts are
updated and released in mid-June and mid-December.
Data files for each commodity are in a MS Excel format. Files
include multiple spreadsheets in cases where estimates are
available for more than one area within a region and for time
periods where the account format, regional definitions, and/or
survey base year have changed. Users can choose among multiple
spreadsheets in a file by selecting the tabs displayed at the
bottom of the spreadsheets.
About the Estimates
USDA has estimated annual production costs and returns and
published accounts for major field crop and livestock enterprises
since 1975. These cost and return accounts are "historical"
accounts based on the actual costs incurred by producers. In this
way, they differ from "projected" accounts, often referred to as
enterprise budgets,reported by most land grant universities to
assist in farm planning. The costs and returns of all participants
in the production process-including farm operators, landlords,
contractors, and contractees-are included in the account. For this
reason, the accounts are often referred to as "sector accounts,"
representing the costs of and returns to all resources used in the
production sector of each commodity.
The annual estimates are based on producer surveys conducted
about every 4-8 years for each commodity and updated each year with
estimates of annual price, acreage, and production changes. This
essentially fixes the technology that underlies the accounts to
that used in the survey year. The most recent cost and return
estimates for each commodity are based on surveys conducted in:
- 2010 for milk and corn
- 2009 for hogs and wheat
- 2008 for cow-calf
- 2007 for cotton
- 2006 for rice and soybeans
- 2005 for oats
- 2004 for peanuts
- 2003 for barley and grain sorghum
Estimates made in the survey year should be regarded as the most
reliable because they reflect both prices and technologies used on
the commodity. The reliability of estimates in non-survey years
likely varies for each commodity by the degree of technical and
structural change that has occurred since the last survey.
Commodity-specific surveys as part of the annual Agricultural
Resource Management Survey (ARMS) have been used to collect the
data since 1996. Data in prior years were collected as part of the
annual Farm Costs and Returns Survey (FCRS).
The theoretical basis and accounting methods used for the most
recent estimates of commodity costs and returns conform with
standards recommended by the American Agricultural Economics
Association (AAEA) Task Force on Commodity Costs and Returns. In
addition, accounts published in this format are presented using ERS Farm Resource Regions, which provide a
consistent regional delineation across the commodities.
The accounts include only costs incurred in the production of
each crop commodity, excluding costs for marketing and storage.
Returns above operating and total costs are computed by valuing
production at the end of the production period, using a
harvest-period price. However, producers often delay sales and
store commodities with the expectation that the price in later
months will exceed the harvest-period price plus the costs
associated with carrying the crop inventory. This means that the
estimates of returns above operating and total costs likely
understate those actually received by producers. Marketing costs
and returns are included in the livestock accounts where production
is typically not stored for a significant period before being
marketed. The estimated returns for the crop commodities also
exclude marketing loan benefits, which have been substantial for
several commodities during years of low crop prices.
Data Sources
Data used to establish the cost and return estimates are based
on producer surveys conducted about every 4-8 years for each
commodity and updated each year with estimates of annual price,
acreage, and production changes. Commodity-specific surveys as part
of the annual Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) have
been used to collect the data since 1996. There are multiple
versions of the ARMS each year, including whole-farm and commodity
production practice and cost versions. Each production practice and
cost version gathers detailed information about input use, field
operations, and production costs of a particular commodity. Field
enumerators personally interview farmers using questionnaires
developed by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS)
and ERS. The ARMS data collection starts during the fall when
production practice and cost data are collected, and finishes in
the spring when a follow-on interview collects data about
whole-farm costs like overhead, interest, and taxes.
Each farm sampled in the ARMS represents a known number of farms
with similar attributes so that weighting the data for each farm by
the number of farms it represents provides a basis for calculating
estimates for the target population. Target populations for the
crop commodities include all farms producing one or more acre of
the commodity. To qualify for the ARMS hog survey, operations had
to have a minimum of 25 head during the survey year. A minimum of
10 cows milked were required for dairy operations, while cow-calf
operations needed to have 20 beef cows to qualify.
The survey data used in estimates for years prior to the ARMS
were collected as part of the annual Farm Costs and Returns Survey
(FCRS) from 1984 to 1995, and the Costs of Production Survey (COPS)
prior to 1984. The types of data currently collected in the ARMS
are essentially the same as the data that were collected through
the FCRS and the COPS, except that the FCRS and COPS surveys
collected cost-of-production data and whole-farm financial data in
one interview. Survey base years for estimates in the cost and
return series are:
| Survey base years for cost and return
estimates |
| Corn |
1978 |
1982-83 |
1987 |
1991 |
1996 |
2001 |
2005 |
2010 |
| Soybeans |
1978 |
1982-83 |
1986 |
1990 |
1997 |
2002 |
2006 |
|
| Wheat |
1978 |
1982-83 |
1986 |
1989 |
1994 |
1998 |
2004 |
2009 |
| Cotton |
1978 |
1982 |
1987 |
1991 |
1997 |
2003 |
2007 |
|
| Rice |
1979 |
1984 |
1988 |
1992 |
2000 |
2006 |
|
|
| Sorghum |
1978 |
1982-83 |
1986 |
1990 |
1995 |
2003 |
|
|
| Barley |
1978 |
1982-83 |
1987 |
1992 |
2003 |
|
|
|
| Oats |
1978 |
1983 |
1988 |
1994 |
2005 |
|
|
|
| Sugar beets* |
1980 |
1984 |
1988 |
1992 |
2000 |
|
|
|
| Peanuts |
1977 |
1982 |
1987 |
1991 |
1995 |
2004 |
|
|
| Flue-cured tobacco** |
1979 |
|
1987 |
1991 |
1996 |
|
|
|
| Burley tobacco** |
|
1984 |
1989 |
1995 |
|
|
|
|
| Dairy |
1979 |
1985 |
1989 |
1993 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
|
| Hogs |
1980 |
1985 |
1988 |
1992 |
1998 |
2004 |
2009 |
|
| Cow-calf |
1980 |
1985 |
1990 |
1996 |
2008 |
|
|
|
*Sugar beet estimates were discontinued after
2007.
**Flue-cured and burley tobacco estimates were discontinued after
2004. |
Estimates made prior to the first year listed were based on
various surveys conducted in 1974-76. The 1982-83 survey was for
all major crops, split into Southern States (1982) and Northern
States (1983).
Since cost-of-production data for any particular commodity are
only collected about every 4-8 years, estimates for non-survey
years use the actual survey year as a base and use price indices
and other indicators to reflect year-over-year changes. This can
cause discontinuities when new survey data replace these non-survey
estimates. The magnitude of these discontinuities depend on how
much technical and/or structural change occurred in the sector
between the survey years, as well as changes in the sampling,
questionnaire, and other data collection procedures. The survey
data are supplemented with price and production data from other
sources, mainly NASS Agricultural Prices and Crop Production
publications in order to develop the annual estimates during
non-survey years.
Structure of the
Accounts
Commodity costs and returns include estimates of both cash
expenditures and noncash costs. Cash expenditures are incurred when
factors of production are purchased or rented. Noncash costs occur
when factors are owned. For example, if a farmer fully owns the
land used to produce corn, he/she would have no expenditure for
land rental or for loans to pay for the purchase of land. Yet, an
economic cost arises. By owning the land and using it to grow corn,
the farmer foregoes income from other uses of the land, such as
renting it to another producer. These costs come about because
production resources are limited and have alternative uses. If a
farmer uses savings to pay for operating inputs, such as seed,
fertilizer, chemicals, and fuel, and thus pays no interest on
operating loans, the farmer still incurs an economic cost because
the savings could have earned a return in another use. Likewise,
the farmer has an opportunity cost of his/her labor used in the
production of the commodity because it could have been used on
another farm or in off-farm employment.
The cost and return accounts were categorized into cash and
economic costs for all commodities from 1975 to 1994. Beginning in
1995, the accounts were revised to conform with methods recommended
by the American Agricultural Economics Association Task Force on Commodity Costs and Returns. The
Task force recommended that the cost and return account be divided
into operating costs and allocated overhead costs. When a commodity
was subsequently surveyed after 1995, this format has been used in
the accounts. Below is a table of comparison between methods.
|
Component |
Former USDA
Method |
To Implement
American Agricultural Economics Association (AAEA)
Recommendation |
| Seed |
Survey direct cost for purchased seed,
seed technology fees, and costs of seed cleaning, and opportunity
cost of homegrown seed |
Same as USDA method |
| Fertilizer and soil conditioners |
Survey direct cost |
Survey direct cost for fertilizers.
Soil conditioner cost spread over years of useful life |
| Manure |
Not included |
Estimated nutrient value (N, P, K) of
the quantity of manure applied to the crop |
| Chemicals |
Survey direct cost |
Same as USDA method |
| Custom |
Survey direct costs for custom
fertilizer and chemical application, soil tests, scouting, land
preparation, cultivation, seeding, harvesting, and hauling |
Same as USDA method |
| Fuel, lubrication, electricity |
Engineering formula used to determine
fuel use by type of machine, valued by state fuel price |
Same as USDA method |
| Replacement |
Estimate of annual capital requirement
necessary to replace machinery over its assumed ownership
period |
Not included--see capital
recovery |
| Nonland capital |
Opportunity cost of the average amount
of capital invested in machinery used on crop |
Not included--see capital
recovery |
| Repairs |
Engineering formula used to determine
annual repair cost based on machine, use, and state machine
price |
Similar to USDA method but amortizes
the annual repair cost over the assumed machine ownership
period |
| Capital recovery |
Not included |
Similar to USDA capital replacement
and nonland capital but includes an interest charge on unrecovered
capital |
| Paid and
unpaid labor
|
Paid=direct cost for paid and contract
labor plus other benefits. Unpaid=unpaid labor hours times state
wage rate for agricultural workers |
Paid=same as USDA method.
Unpaid=unpaid labor hours times estimated opportunity wage rate of
farm operators working off-farm |
| Land rent |
Composite of cash rent and an estimated share rental value based
on landlord returns and costs
|
Cash rental rates using state
rent-to-value estimates to impute a cash rental rate on share
rented and owned land |
| Operating capital |
Opportunity cost of the investment in
total variable cash costs during the growing season |
Opportunity cost of the investment in
total operating costs during the growing season |
| General farm overhead |
Farm cost of utilities, supplies,
maintenance of general use structures, and general business expense
allocated by relative value of production |
Same farm costs as in USDA method
allocated by relative gross margins |
| Taxes and insurance |
Real estate tax, non-real estate
property tax, property/casualty/ liability insurance allocated by
relative value of production |
Non-real estate property tax and
property/casualty/ liability insurance allocated by relative gross
margins |
| Reporting format |
Gross value of production: Primary and secondary products
Variable costs: Seed, fertilizer, chemicals, custom, fuel,
repairs, ginning, paid labor, purchased water
Fixed costs: General farm overhead, taxes and insurance,
interest
Economic costs: Variable costs, general farm overhead, taxes and
insurance, capital replacement, operating and nonland capital,
land, unpaid labor
Returns: Above cash expenses, residual returns to management and
risk
|
Gross value of production: Same as
USDA method.
Operating costs: Seed, fertilizer, chemicals, custom, fuel,
repairs, purchased water, interest on operating inputs, ginning
Allocated overhead: Paid and unpaid labor, capital recovery,
land, taxes and insurance, general farm overhead.
Returns: Above operating costs, above total costs listed
|
Regions
Beginning in 1995, the cost and return accounts have been
reported using ERS Farm Resource Regions. This regional
definition provides a consistent delineation across all of the
commodities and attempts to classify farms into homogeneous
resource and farm-type regions. Commodity accounts are reported
only in the regions where enough survey observations are available
to make a statistically reliable estimate. Some modifications are
made to the regional delineation for situations where the
production practices in different areas of a region differ to the
extent that separate regions are warranted.
Prior to 1995, State boundaries were used to delineate regions
for most commodities. States were grouped according to those with
similar production practice and resource characteristics.
Historical cost and return accounts for commodities reported under
the old format use these regional
definitions.
Estimating Costs and
Returns
Methods recommended by the American Agricultural Economics
Association Task Force on Commodity Costs and Returns have been
used to estimate the costs and returns of commodities surveyed in
1995 or later. Specifics of the recommendations can be found in the
published Commodity Costs and Return Estimation
Handbook. The following is an overview of the estimation
methods.
The gross value of crop production is calculated by valuing the
survey crop yields by State-average harvest-month crop prices in
each year. The gross value of livestock production is the cash
receipts received from the sales of feeder animals, market animals,
and milk. The value of secondary products such as wheat and oat
straw, cottonseed, cull animals, and manure, are also included for
both crop and livestock commodities. Secondary products are also
valued using survey production levels and State-average prices, or
actual cash receipts for some products.
Four basic approaches are used to estimate the commodity costs:
direct costing, valuing input quantities, indirect costing, and
allocating whole-farm expenses. The choice among approaches used to
estimate particular cost items is mainly driven by the ability of
farmers to report commodity specific costs for that item. For
example, most farmers can report the cost of seed purchased for a
commodity, but cannot report the fuel cost for a commodity because
fuel is typically used to produce several commodities on the same
farm.
|
Approaches used to estimate commodity costs
|
|
Direct
costing
|
Valuing input
quantities
|
Indirect
costing
|
Allocating
whole-farm expenses
|
|
Crop commodities
|
|
Purchased seed
|
Homegrown seed
|
Fuel, lube, & electric
|
General farm overhead
|
|
Fertilizer
|
Manure
|
Repairs
|
Taxes and insurance
|
|
Chemicals
|
Unpaid labor
|
Capital recovery
|
|
|
Custom operations
|
Land
|
|
|
|
Hired labor
|
Operating interest
|
|
|
|
Purchased water
|
Ginning
|
|
|
|
Livestock commodities
|
|
Purchased feed
|
Homegrown feed
|
Capital recovery
|
General farm overhead
|
|
Feeder animals
|
Grazed feed
|
|
Taxes and insurance
|
|
Vet & medicine
|
Unpaid labor
|
|
|
|
Bedding and litter
|
Land
|
|
|
|
Marketing
|
Operating interest
|
|
|
|
Custom services
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel, lube & electric
|
|
|
|
|
Repairs
|
|
|
|
Direct
costing involves summarizing survey responses to questions
about the amounts paid for each input item. For items such as crop
fertilizer and chemicals, this is accomplished by asking the farmer
how much per acre was paid for the inputs used to produce the crop.
For other items such as livestock custom services and repairs, this
is accomplished by asking the farmer how much of the total farm
expenditures for each input were for production of the livestock
commodity. Direct costing is the preferred cost estimation
procedure because it does not require any assumptions about prices
or quantities. However, it only works well when the farmer has
commodity specific records or can recall the amount spent for the
commodity.
Valuing input
quantities combines survey data on the physical quantities
used in the production process with secondary data on input prices.
This approach is particularly useful in situations where farm
produced or farmer owned inputs are used and opportunity costs are
the best means of determining the input values. For example, the
costs of homegrown seed and homegrown feed are estimated by valuing
the quantities of each used by crop prices. An estimate of the
manure nutrient content is valued using State nutrient prices.
Unpaid labor hours are valued using an estimate of the wages earned off-farm 
by farm operators. Land is valued
according to the average cash rental rate for land producing the
commodity in the particular area. Operating interest is an estimate
of the opportunity cost of the investment in the operating inputs
during the production period using the 6-month Treasury Bill
interest rate.
Indirect costing uses a
combination of survey information on production practices,
technical information on machine performance, and engineering
formulas determined from machinery tests. This method is
particularly useful for estimating the costs associated with using
farm machinery and equipment because these items are typically used
to produce multiple farm commodities and thus are not easily
allocated to a single commodity. The method combines survey
information on machine type, size, and hours used with secondary
information on fuel use rates, repair rates, replacement costs, and
years of expected life to drive engineering formulas that compute
annual machinery operating and ownership costs. These costs are
computed for tractors, trucks, field machinery, and the irrigation
and drying equipment used in crop production, as well as the
housing, feed storage, and manure handling equipment used in
livestock production. The capital recovery method for estimating
asset ownership costs replaced the previous capital replacement and
nonland capital estimates, per the Task Force recommendations.
State machinery replacement prices are used in the capital recovery
and repair cost estimates, while State fuel prices are used to
estimate the cost of fuels used. An estimate of the long-run rate
of return to farm assets out of current income (10-year moving
average) is used as the interest rate in the capital recovery
estimate.
Allocating
whole-farm expenses takes survey responses to whole-farm
expense items and allocates them to a commodity according to some
allocation scheme. This method is particularly useful for
estimating items whose cost cannot be directly attributable to a
single commodity, but where all commodities must pay the cost. The
allocation scheme used in the cost and return accounts is a
estimate of the share of total farm operating margin (value of
production less operating costs) accounted for by the commodity.
For example, if a commodity accounts for 30 percent of the total
farm operating margin, the commodity is charged 30 percent of the
overhead, taxes, and insurance costs. General farm overhead costs
include costs for farm supplies, marketing containers, hand tools,
power equipment, maintenance and repair of farm buildings, farm
utilities, and general business expenses. Taxes include non-real
estate property taxes and insurance is farm property insurance,
excluding crop insurance.
Glossary of Terms
Often we are asked questions about the meaning of the terms and
concepts ERS uses in describing farm production costs and returns.
This glossary is intended to provide users with a working
definition of key terms and a better understanding of how these
concepts are applied in estimating the performance of the farm
production sector.
Allocated
overhead-Allocated overhead is a category of expenses
recommended by the AAEA taskforce, and is similar to economic costs
under the former methods. These include costs of hired labor,
opportunity cost of unpaid labor, capital recovery of machinery and
equipment, opportunity costs of land, general farm overhead, and
taxes and insurance.
Capital
recovery-After switching to the AAEA task force
recommendations, the capital recovery method for estimating asset
ownership costs replaced the previous capital replacement and
nonland capital estimates. Capital recovery cost is an estimate of
the cost of replacing the capital investment in machinery and
equipment that is used up in the annual production process, plus
interest that the remaining capital could have earned in an
alternative use. It is estimated based on replacement prices paid
for farm machinery in each year. An estimate of the long-run rate
of return to farm assets out of current income (10-year moving
average) is used as the interest rate in the capital recovery
estimate. The long-term realized rate of return to these
specialized resources is used in order to reflect that these
resources can be used effectively only in the agricultural sector.
The major advantage of capital recovery over capital replacement
and nonland capital estimates is that it more accurately measures
the actual capital costs incurred in the production process.
Capital
replacement-Capital replacement, or economic depreciation,
is the portion of the value of machinery and equipment, in addition
to repairs, that is used up in the production of a particular
commodity. It is based on the current value of the machinery.
Capital replacement may be regarded as a discretionary expense in
any particular year. It may be deferred when income is low but
ultimately must be paid to maintain the capital stock so that over
the long term, the operation remains in business.
Cash costs-Cash
costs are the out-of-pocket expenses paid in cash. These include
variable and fixed inputs such as seed, fertilizer, feed, overhead,
and cash interest payments. Cash costs depend on production
practices and on quantities and prices of inputs. The fixed cash
expenses, which are difficult to attribute directly to a specific
enterprise on a farm, are allocated to each crop or livestock
enterprise based on the commodity's relative value of
production.
Economic
costs-Economic costs are the full ownership costs (cash
and noncash) for operating the business. They account for all
production inputs, without regard to the ownership or equity
positions of farm operators. They include both variable and fixed
cash expenses (except interest payments); capital replacement; and
imputed costs of land, unpaid labor, and capital invested in
production inputs and machinery.
General farm
overhead-General farm overhead are the expenses for items
such as farm supplies, marketing containers, hand tools, power
equipment, maintenance and repair of farm buildings, farm
utilities, and general business expenses that cannot be directly
attributed to a single farm enterprise. In the old accounting
methods, costs of general farm overhead items were allocated to
each commodity based on its value of production relative to that of
other farm commodities. After switching to the AAEA task force
recommendations, costs of general farm overhead items were
allocated to each commodity based on its relative contribution to
total farm operating margin (i.e. value of production less
operating costs).
Harvest-month
price-Harvest-month price is used to value the production
for crops since the cost-of-production accounts do not include the
costs of marketing. To use a marketing-year average price would
necessitate measuring the costs associated with storage as well as
other marketing-related expenses.
Land costs-Land is
a specialized input. Its value as a production input depends on the
value of the crops or livestock that it produces, which is
reflected in rental costs. Because an alternative use for land for
any one landowner is to rent it to someone who will produce the
same commodity, ERS values land in the cost-of-production accounts
at it rental value. In the old accounting methods, the land rental
rates for each crop were a composite of share and cash rental
rates. The estimated "net" land rent was the gross rent minus real
estate taxes and the value of any inputs supplied by landlords.
After switching to the AAEA task force recommendations, cash rental
rates on land producing the commodity in the local area were used
to estimate the land cost. In areas where cash rental markets were
thin, share rent equivalents were used to estimate the land
cost.
Nonland
capital-Returns to nonland capitalis the opportunity cost
of having capital invested in farm machinery and equipment. ERS
computes this cost using an estimate of machinery and equipment
values times the sectorwide longrun rate of return to production
assets from current income. The long-term realized rate of return
to these specialized resources is used in order to reflect that
these resources can be used effectively only in the agricultural
sector.
Operating
capital-Returns to operating capital is the opportunity
cost of carrying input expenses from the time they are used until
harvest (for crops) or throughout the year (for livestock). ERS
measures the return to operating capital at the annual average rate
on 6-month U.S. Treasury bills. This rate is used as a proxy for
the next best risk-free alternative use of capital.
Operating
costs-Operating costs is a category of costs that is
similar to variable costs under the former accounting methods.
These include inputs such as seed, fertilizer, feed, chemicals, and
interest on operating capital; hired labor is not included under
operating costs but is considered as allocated overhead.
Residual returns to
management and risk-Residual returns to management and
risk is the difference between the gross value of production and
total economic costs. The return to management and risk indicates
the extent to which long-run production costs are covered by
production valued at average harvest-month prices.
Taxes and
insurance-Taxes and insurance are overhead costs that are
not directly attributable to a farm enterprise, but must be paid by
all enterprises. In the old accounting methods, real estate tax
cost per acre was charged on the acres used to produce the
commodity, while farm expenditures for other property taxes and
insurance were allocated to the commodity based on its value of
production relative to that of other farm commodities. Real estate
taxes were included because real estate tax costs were netted out
of the land cost. After switching to the AAEA task force
recommendations, property taxes and insurance were allocated to
each commodity based on its relative contribution to total farm
operating margin (i.e. value of production less operating costs).
Real estate tax costs were excluded because they were not netted
out of the land cost.
Unpaid
labor-Unpaid labor includes the opportunity costs of
providing unsalaried labor. Examples are labor provided by the farm
operator and labor services provided by partners and family
members. Unpaid labor hours are measured directly in commodity
surveys. In the old accounting methods, unpaid labor was valued
annually at the hired wage rate for all agricultural employees.
After switching to the AAEA task force recommendations, unpaid
labor was valued at an estimate of the off-farm wages paid to farm operators working
off-farm.
Variable
costs-Variable costs are the out-of-pocket cash expenses
paid for inputs unique to the commodity being produced. Variable
expenses depend on production practices and on quantities and
prices of inputs. These include inputs such as seed, fertilizer,
feed, chemicals, and hired labor.
Old Production Regions
Prior to 1995, State boundaries were
used to delineate regions for most commodities. States were grouped
according to those with similar production practice and resource
characteristics. Cost and return accounts for commodities reported
under the old format still use these regional definitions.
Northeast: New York and
Pennsylvania
Southeast: Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana and North Carolina
North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota,
Missouri, Ohio and Wisconsin
Plains States: Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota and
Texas
Back to top
Central Plains: Kansas, Missouri and
Nebraska
Southern Plains: Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas
Back to top
Northeast: New York and Pennsylvania
North Central: Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio and
Wisconsin
Northern Plains: Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota and South
Dakota
Back to top
Northeast: Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia
Northern Plains: Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota
and Wyoming
Northwest: Idaho, Oregon and Washington
Southwest: California, Colorado and Utah
Back to top
North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Ohio and
Michigan
Southeast: Arkansas, Georgia, and North Carolina
Northern Plains: Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, and South
Dakota
Central and Southern Plains: Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma
and Texas
Pacific: California, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
Back to top
North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota,
Missouri, Ohio and Wisconsin
Northern Plains: Kansas, Nebraska and South Dakota,
Southeast: Kentucky, North Carolina and Tennessee
Delta: Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi
Back to top
Arkansas (Non-Delta): Grand Prairie Counties
California: Sacramento Valley
Gulf Coast: Bayou Prairies of Louisiana and North Gulf Coast of
Texas
Mississippi River Delta: River Counties of Arkansas, Louisiana and
Mississippi
Back to top
Virginia and North Carolina
Southeast: Alabama and Georgia
Southern Plains: Oklahoma and Texas
Back to top
Southeast: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and South
Carolina
Delta: Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and
Tennessee
Southern Plains: Oklahoma and Texas
Southwest: Arizona and California
Back to top
Flue-Cured: Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and
Virginia
Burly: Kentucky and Tennessee
Back to top
Back to top
Northeast: New York, Pennsylvania and Vermont
Southeast: Florida and Georgia
Upper Midwest: Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin
Corn Belt: Iowa, Missouri and Ohio
Southern Plains: Texas
Pacific: Arizona, California and Washington
Back to top
North: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,
Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin
South: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia
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North Central: Illinois, Iowa and Missouri
Southeast: Florida, Kentucky and Tennessee
Plains: Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota and
Texas
West: California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon and
Wyoming
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Note
Some regions shown in the time series files may be different
than those listed here. For a list of States included in the
regions for earlier years, e-mail the commodity contact listed on
the costs and returns data page.