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China: Grain Statistics
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China: Grain Statistics: documentation
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China: Grain Statistics Stock #90011
(Updated 4/98 with data available through 9/97)
Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
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Note: Data distributed with this product may include both published and
unpublished statistics in the public domain. Distribution in this form
does not imply U.S. Department of Agriculture approval of a particular
data series or statistic, nor does the Department attest to their
accuracy. Moreover, the Economic Research Service makes no warranty
that data supplied in this form are either accurate transcriptions from
source materials or appropriate for a particular user purpose.
For comments or further information contact:
The ERS Information Center at: Phone: 202-694-5050
e-mail:service@ers.usda.gov/
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TABLES
This data product is one in a series of data products entitled
Agricultural Statistics Database for the People's Republic of China,
1949-93. The products in the series include:
90010 China: Basic Social and Economic Indicators (1995)**
90011 China: Grain Statistics (1995)**
90012 China: Fiber and Oilseed Statistics (1995)**
90013 China: Economic and Other Crop Statistics (1995)**
90014 China: Livestock Statistics (1995)**
90015 China: Agricultural Input Statistics (1995)**
90016 China: Agricultural Prices (1992 or 1993)**
90017 China: Costs of Agricultural Production (1994)**
90019 China: Agricultural Trade Statistics (1993)**
90021 China: Consumption and Expenditure Statistics (1993)**
** Each data product has been updated through the year indicated
in parenthesis.
Abstract
These data products consists of roughly 300 tables of agricultural
statistics for the People's Republic of China. The statistics cover
land use, population, labor force, gross value of agricultural output,
agricultural investment, crop production, crop sown area, state
procurement, livestock inventory and slaughter, animal product output,
input production and use, costs of production, consumption of
agricultural commodities, selected retail price indices and mixed
average procurement prices for selected agricultural crops, and finally,
quantity and value of imports and exports of selected commodities. Data
are presented for the national level and, when available, the provincial
level as well.
Keywords: China, statistics, population, labor force, gross value of
agricultural output, crops, livestock, agricultural inputs, costs of
production, consumption, prices, and trade.
Chapter 2: China's Grain Statistics
Total grain, 1949-95:
24 Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRNPROD1
25 Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRNAREA1
By region and province, 1963-95:
26 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRVPROD
27 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRVAREA
Total grain, rice, and wheat, by individual harvest, 1949-95:
28 Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRNPROD2
29 Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRNAREA2
30 Coarse grain area and production, 1952-95 . . . . . . . CRSGRN
Individual grains, by region and province, 1979-95:
Wheat
31 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHTPROD
32 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHTAREA
Winter wheat
33 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WIWHPROD
34 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WIWHAREA
Spring wheat
35 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPWHPROD
36 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPWHAREA
Rice
37 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RICEPROD
38 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RICEAREA
Early rice
39 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EARCPROD
40 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EARCAREA
Intermediate and single crop late rice
41 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INCRPROD
42 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INCRAREA
Double crop late rice
43 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DBRCPROD
44 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DBRCAREA
Northern rice
45 Production (1979-93) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NORCPROD
46 Area (1979-93) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NORCAREA
Corn
47 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CORNPROD
48 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CORNAREA
Soybeans
49 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYBNPROD
50 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYBNAREA
Sorghum
51 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SORGPROD
52 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SORGAREA
Millet
53 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MILLPROD
54 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MILLAREA
Tubers
55 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TUBRPROD
56 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TUBRAREA
Grain procurement:
57 Total and transfers, 1952-92. . . . . . . . . . . . GRNPROC
58 Commercial, by region and province, 1979-92 . . . . PROVPROC
Fixed and negotiated price, by region and province
59 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FXNGPR87
60 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FXNGPR89
61 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FXNGPR90
61a 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FXNGPR91
61b 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FXNGPR92
61h 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FXNGPR94
Grain sales:
Fixed and negotiated price, by region and province
61c 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FXNGSA87
61d 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FXNGSA89
61e 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FXNGSA90
61f 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FXNGSA91
61g 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FXNGSA92
TEXT
Agricultural Statistics of the People's Republic of China, 1949-93
W. Hunter Colby
Frederick W. Crook
Shwu-Eng H. Webb
Introduction
This database updates and expands the coverage of the 1992 publication,
Agricultural Statistics of the People's Republic of China, 1949-92, SB-
844. It compiles much of the important agricultural data that China's
State Statistical Bureau (SSB) reported for 1949-93. This report forms a
current agricultural database for China using statistics from a wide
variety of official, primarily Chinese language, sources from the People's
Republic of China (PRC). Because this report is restricted to official
Chinese data, it is not necessarily consistent with data used by the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA). While USDA has used official data from
China for recent years, not all of USDA's historical series have been
revised to reflect the newly released historical statistical series,
particularly when the data provided by China are incomplete.
This bulletin provides a relatively complete national historical series
for 1949-90, along with a provincial series for 1979-90, for China's area
and production of most major crops. Other agricultural data available
from official sources are also covered in this report, including livestock
production and inventory, selected series on production and use of major
inputs, land use and population data, procurement prices, consumption
statistics, and major agricultural imports and exports by commodity.
Other important agricultural data, such as commodity-by-country trade
statistics and detailed commodity prices, are either not yet available or
beyond the scope of this report.
During the 1950's, the Government of the People's Republic of China
published a great deal of statistical data. The economic disasters of the
late 1950's and the political and social turmoil of the Cultural
Revolution (1966-76), however, led to a 20-year period during which no
official statistical data were released. Following the death of Mao
Zedong in 1976 and the emergence of economic growth as an important
priority of the leadership, China began rebuilding its statistical system.
In June 1979, the SSB released a state plan fulfillment communique
describing the successes and failures of the state economic plan, the
first in 20 years, and in August 1980, the first official statistical
yearbook was published. Since then, a wide range of agricultural,
economic, statistical, encyclopedic yearbooks, and other official
statistical books, pamphlets, and economic plan communiques have been
published.
Although China has revised some of its earlier figures (primarily on grain
production) since data publication resumed in 1979, most remain unchanged
from yearbook to yearbook. This suggests that the SSB has carefully
scrutinized these statistics and considers them to be the best they can
currently produce.
China initially published many of the series included in this report for
only a few key years. Each subsequent yearbook has added data not
available in earlier years; so gaps in some series have already been
filled. China probably will eventually publish more of the important data
needed to analyze production, consumption, and trade in the agricultural
sector. A wide variety of data is collected by SSB enumerators every
year. The SSB directs the surveys, prints the survey forms, and trains
the survey personnel. The surveys are used to collect data on rural
population, labor force conditions, crop production, livestock output,
household income and expenditures, and commodity prices.
Area and yield estimates are compiled at local levels (county and
prefecture) to arrive at provincial and then national production totals.
Not all agricultural commodities are reported by the SSB. For data not
available from the SSB, we used the annual China Agriculture Yearbook
published by China's Ministry of Agriculture (MOA). In most cases, these
data correspond closely to SSB data where there are overlaps, so the data
from MOA are accepted as a secondary source of official data. MOA
production and area data are collected by a somewhat different statistical
system. Therefore, there are occasions where there are more significant
differences between the data reported by SSB and MOA.
Another source of crop and livestock data is China's Ministry of Commerce
(MOC). The MOC publishes the China Commerce Yearbook, the only source for
many of the procurement and consumption statistics presented in this
bulletin. The MOC is also the only source for provincial-level grain
procurement and sales data broken down by fixed and negotiated price. And
finally, the MOC is the data source for total national, urban, and rural
consumption of certain agricultural commodities. The reader should note
that when consumption data are divided by the appropriate population, the
resulting per capita consumption figures do not correspond exactly with
the official per capita consumption data published by the SSB. As with
the MOA, the MOC has its own internal statistical system to collect and
process the data published in its yearbook.
Provincial-level cost-of-production data published here come from MOA's
China Agriculture Yearbook and should be used with caution.
The sample sizes are extremely small, and it is unknown whether or not the
sample selection was random. For example, the rice cost-of-production
survey for 1987 surveyed only 426 hectares of the 32.2 million hectares
sown. As with any other survey, the accuracy of the survey depends on how
representative the sample is and how clearly and consistently definitions,
such as standard labor days, are applied. The meaning and consistency of
definitions, both within and between crops, are also unknown. It is also
unclear how the survey methodology may have changed following the
dissolution of the commune system and the introduction of the household
responsibility system (HPRS). SSB's China Rural Statistics Yearbook
provides national-level cost-of- production data. However, the yields
used by SSB do not correspond with the yields used by MOA, making the
cost-per-yield data inconsistent. Furthermore, the MOA provides only
provincial-level data, whereas the SSB provides only national-level data.
Peasant consumption and expenditure data included in this bulletin come
primarily from household consumption, income, and expenditure surveys
conducted by the SSB. Over time, the number of households surveyed has
increased rapidly. The MOC also reports rural consumption data, but it is
unclear where the statistics come from.
Urban resident consumption and expenditure data are reportedly calculated
from MOC data (MOC controls the urban state and collective retail store
networks) and from SSB surveys of family budget surveys of workers and
employees. The surveys originated in the early 1950's by administrative
units and industries. The quality of survey data improved in 1956-57,
when a nationwide unified survey system was organized. Families selected
for the sample included workers in enterprises owned or managed by the
state, and engineers, technicians, teachers, and administrative personnel
of government and public organizations. Statistical workers and
administrative officials in the various provinces and cities used
different sampling techniques. Some used proportional stratified sampling
with systematic sampling inside strata. Others used systematic sampling
but constructed the sample on the basis of composition of the labor force,
degree of wage differentials, and the scale of production within the
administrative unit. Others used a model selection process.
And finally, there are two official sources for trade statistics in China:
China's Customs Administration (Customs) and the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade (MOFERT). All quarterly volume and value
statistics are from Customs. Data in the historical series are from
MOFERT. In the MOFERT statistics, exports are on a free-on-board (f.o.b.)
basis, while imports are on a cost, insurance, and freight (c.i.f.) basis.
The data include all types of trade under the Ministry's jurisdiction,
whether or not entering China's ports. The value added to goods imported,
processed, and re-exported (such as labor costs and processing fees) is
also included. But, MOFERT data exclude local trade not under its
jurisdiction, trade of some joint ventures, and all individual dealings.
MOFERT statistics also include aid commitments not yet delivered to China.
Statistics from Customs became available in 1981. These statistics differ
from those of MOFERT because their coverage in some cases is more
inclusive, particularly in more recent years as China's trade system has
been liberalized. Statistics from the Customs Administration include all
trade via China's ports and Customs-cleared aid donations. They also
cover a broader range of imports and exports, including trade of local and
provincial enterprises not reporting to MOFERT, all joint enterprises, all
foreign-owned enterprises, and trade by individuals and firms. The full
value of transshipments, principally through Hong Kong, is considered
either as originating in, or bound for, that city. This helps to explain
some of the large discrepancy that exists between official U.S. and
Customs trade statistics. U.S. statistics record imports and exports
according to the country of origin and final destination of goods.
During the course of the 1980's, Customs-reported agricultural commodity
statistics have gradually grown larger than those reported by MOFERT.
Over time, MOFERT statistics have captured less and less of the trade as
China has relaxed its centrally controlled trade system, and independent
trading companies have taken over an increased volume of trade.
Definitions
Throughout all tables, "na" indicates that data are not available. Also,
"--" indicates a number that is negligible (between 0 and 0.5), but is
only used when found in the original source. Any numbers that are so
small that they show as zero in the original source are left as zero.
Therefore, zeros designate data that are available, but the value of which
is zero or a negligible amount (less than 0.5). There are instances,
however, where China's publications leave a cell empty rather than using a
zero to report no production, and we are almost certain that the figure
should in fact be a zero. In most cases, we chose to follow China's
reporting because we could not definitively determine whether a particular
entry should in fact have been a zero or "na." In these instances, "na"
is used. Unless otherwise stated, tons refer to metric tons and years are
calendar years and include production of crops harvested within that year.
Most provincial-level tables include a footnote indicating Hainan data are
not available until 1988 and data for earlier years are included in the
Guangdong Province figure. Until 1988, Hainan Island was only an
administrative region (prefecture) within Guangdong Province. Hainan
Island was accorded provincial status in 1988, making it necessary to add
Hainan to the list of provinces. In a few tables, data are provided for
Hainan Province before 1988. The numbers, taken from the Hainan Tongji
Nianjian (Hainan Statistical Yearbook), were then subtracted from the
Guangdong Province number to balance the total. Hainan numbers were not
added to most tables because of large inconsistencies between the reported
Hainan province data and the prefecture-level data reported for Hainan in
various Guangdong yearbooks (Guangdongsheng Tongji Nianjian). Full
historical series for Hainan Province, therefore, await additional data
releases from the SSB.
Numbers in parentheses below each table refer to items listed in the
References section of this report. Although efforts were made to give
complete source listings for each table, space limitations prevented the
listing of all sources when data in a given table came from a wide variety
of different sources.
USDA's regional categorization in the provincial tables differs from the
regional groupings currently used in China's statistical publications.
All regional totals, therefore, are sums of provincial data, not published
PRC statistics. The sum of total provincial data in some cases does not
equal the national total of the SSB. This may be because MOA and SSB have
separate statistical systems, or, in the case of small differences,
because the national totals used include the latest revisions and revised
provincial details for the new SSB totals are not available. Finally, as
far as is known, provincial data have been affected by, though not
adjusted for, the July l, l979, changes in provincial boundaries. Inner
Mongolia (Nei Monggol) was substantially enlarged at the expense of
Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning.
Some data (such as provincial per capita consumption of specific goods or
crop costs of production) cannot be summed to obtain a regional total
because each province has a different population base or sample size. In
these cases, provinces have been arranged in their normal regions and
national totals or averages have been included, but the separate parts
have not been summed to obtain a regional total.
The following definitions are valid unless otherwise indicated by a
specific note attached to a table. It was not possible to get complete
definitions for all terms used in the tables. China's statistical
publications are notorious for the paucity of descriptive information for
their statistics. An attempt was made to provide some guidance to the
meanings of terms by collecting information and definitions from a wide
variety of published and unpublished sources, as well as information
gleaned from interviews with officials and researchers in China. Many of
the definitions included here are, at least in part, from either a
detailed 1979 handbook defining state farm statistics or a more general
1980 handbook defining basic agricultural statistics. We limited the use
of state farm definitions to agronomic definitions of crops because these
are the most likely to be the same across the various statistical systems
(SSB, MOA, state farm, and others).
Aquatic products. Aquatic products include freshwater and saltwater fish
and products, both naturally cured and artificially cultured, including
sea fish, seaweed, shellfish, mollusk, and crustacea. Water plants, such
as water chestnuts and lotus roots, are excluded.
Area. Agricultural crop area statistics for China are reported on the
basis of sown area rather than harvested area. Sown area is land on which
crops are planted and from which a harvest is expected. Because land is
frequently sown two or more times a year, sown area is substantially
larger than cultivated area. Area of crops destroyed prior to the
scheduled reporting date is excluded, but area suffering disasters after
the scheduled reporting date is included. Seedbed area is excluded unless
it is planted with another crop after the seedlings have been
transplanted. Area of crops cultivated along roadsides is excluded, but
area intercropped in orchards is included. Area of perennial crops is
included in the year the crop yields a harvest, regardless of when the
crops were planted. Crops regrown from the previous season's stubble are
not counted again in the statistics for the second year's sown area.
Readers should be aware that some of China's agriculture officials and
scholars believe that China drastically underreports grain area.
Interviews with officials in China have found a general consensus that
official cultivated area statistics underreport area by around 30 percent.
See China Agriculture and Trade Report, Economic Research Service, USDA,
July 1991, p. 18, for a brief report on the history and implications of
underreporting cultivated grain area in China.
Bast fibers. Bast fibers include jute, ramie, flax, Indian hemp (da ma),
and an "other bast fiber" category. The "other" category includes sisal
(jian ma) and an unknown number of other minor bast fiber crops. Indian
hemp is treated separately from ambary hemp (kenaf).
Cattle. Cattle statistics include yellow cattle (see definition), water
buffalo, yaks (maoniu), and dairy cattle (both local and hybrid breeds).
Chemical fibers. Chemical fibers include two types of fibers: synthetic
fibers (hecheng xianwei) and viscose fibers (nianjiao xianwei).
Cigarettes. Three common units of measurement for cigarettes are cases
(tiao), cartons (he), and boxes (xiang). One case contains 250 cartons.
Each carton contains 10 boxes of 20 cigarettes (zhi) each, for a total of
50,000 cigarettes or pieces per case.
Citrus fruit. Citrus fruit production and area statistics cover all
varieties of citrus (orange, tangerine, grapefruit, and other).
Cloth. Cloth output, measured in linear meters, includes the total of
pure cotton cloth, cotton blends, and pure synthetic fabrics. Output
figures in square meters are available for 1978-83 with the average width
rising from 0.933 meter in 1979 to 0.989 meter in 1983.
Corn. Corn output is reported on a dry kernel (shelled or off the cob)
basis. Corn is considered to be on a dry weight basis when water content
is between 14 and 18 percent, depending on the province.
Costs of production. China began publishing production cost data for
major agricultural crops in 1986 (1984 data). The data should be used
with caution. The sample size is very small, and it is unknown whether or
not the sample selection was random. The meaning and consistency of
definitions, both within and between crops, are also unknown.
Cotton. Cotton statistics are on a lint (deseeded) basis and exclude tree
cotton (mumian).
Crop classification. China's crop classification separates crop area and
production into three broad categories: grain crops, economic crops, and
other crops. Economic crops (jingji zuowu) include most nongrain crops:
cotton, jute, hemp, other fiber crops, oilseeds, sugarcane, sugarbeets,
tobacco, medicinal crops, and a miscellaneous category. Other crops
include vegetables, melons, fodder crops, and green manure.
Cultivated land. Cultivated land refers to permanent cropland and
includes land left fallow for less than 3 years.
Customs. An abbreviated term for China's Customs Administration. See the
definition under "trade."
Disaster. China tabulates cultivated area seriously affected (chengzai)
by natural disaster. Disaster includes flood, drought, frost, freeze,
wind, and hail damage. Serious damage is defined as normal yields reduced
by 30 percent or more. Another category, slightly affected (shouzai)
area, only tallies area with yield loss of 29 percent or less.
Draft animals. Draft animals are defined as animals used for field
preparation or hauling, including yellow cattle, water buffalo, horses,
mules, donkeys, and camels. The data exclude draft animals too old to
work or not used for draft work.
Edible oils. Edible oil production data are defined as edible vegetable
oil (shiyong zhiwu you), differing substantially from other statistics
given as the oil equivalent of total oilseed production or from per capita
edible oil consumption data, which include both edible plant and animal
oils. The edible oils from soybeans, rice bran, and corn, which would be
excluded from the PRC definition of total oilseeds, are included in edible
vegetable (plant) oil figures. Part of the cottonseed oil is also
included. Edible animal oils would include lard and some other minor
oils. See Zhongguo Nongye Nianjian, 1983 (China Agriculture Yearbook,
1983), p. 147, for a comparison, by province, of the two different
components of edible oil (vegetable and animal).
Eggs. Egg output and consumption statistics include chicken and duck
eggs. Other minor eggs may also be included (goose, pigeon, quail, and
other).
Farm machinery power. Total farm machinery power includes the total
mechanical power of machinery used in farming, forestry, animal husbandry,
fishery, and such farm sideline occupations as plowing, irrigating,
draining, harvesting, farm product processing, agricultural transporting,
plant protection, and stock breeding. It excludes machinery used in
township (commune-run) industry, construction, nonagricultural transport,
scientific experimentation, and teaching. Prior to 1986, internal
combustion engines were counted according to horsepower, and electric
motors were counted by converting from kilowatt to horsepower (1 horse-
power equals 0.735 kilowatts). Since 1986, data were reported on a
kilowatt basis, so pre-1986 data were converted to kilowatts to make the
data consistent.
Fertilizer. Fertilizer statistics in China are measured in three
different production units: actual, standard, and effective weight.
Actual weight is the gross weight of the product. Standard weight is
weight converted into weight of standard fertilizers: ammonium sulfate
(20- percent nitrogen), super-phosphate (18.7-percent P205), and potassium
sulfate (40-percent K2O). Effective weight measures the actual nutrient
content. Standard fertilizer weights are not available after the early
1980's. Fertilizer application data prior to 1966 are not available.
Fertilizer sales volume has been used as a proxy for the application rate.
Fertilizer use. Fertilizer use is measured per unit of cultivated rather
than sown area.
Forage area. Forage crop area in China includes area sown to fodder crops
or sown and then used to graze livestock. Also, forage area may include
lake, pond, or canal area used to grow water plants (water hyacinth and
other) for fodder. Forage crop area includes alfalfa and elephant grass
(xiangcao). Forage area excludes area used to grow grain to feed
livestock (included in grain area statistics), although it includes grain
area that is harvested for green silage use (green corn stems and other).
Forestry. Forestry comprises the planting of various kinds of trees (tea
plantations, mulberry fields, and orchards are excluded), collection of
forestry products, and cutting or felling of bamboo and trees.
Fruit. Fruit statistics do not include area or output from wild orchards
or trees, or any fruit-type melons (watermelon, honeydew melon,
cantaloupe, and other). Instead, all melons are included in either the
melon category (fruit- type melons) or in the vegetable category
(vegetable-type melons).
Goat's milk. Goat's milk output numbers are not available. The numbers
presented are calculated as the residual from total milk production minus
cow milk production.
Grain. Production figures for grain represent rough (unprocessed) weight.
Potatoes are converted to grain equivalents on a 5:1 basis. Figures on
total grain and potato production prior to 1964 have been adjusted to a
consistent 5:1 dry weight grain basis. Official data for those years
converted potatoes at a 4:1 rate. Beans are added based on weight after
removal from pods and drying. The major grains (rice, wheat, corn,
sorghum, and millet) are calculated on a dry, rough (unprocessed,
unmilled, or unhusked) weight basis. Corn output is calculated on a
shelled (off the cob) basis. See the definition of total grain production
for all of the individual grains included. Grain consumption and trade
data are reported on a trade weight basis.
Green manure. In China, green manure crop area statistics can include
Chinese milk vetch (ziyunying), safflower grass (honghuacao), Chinese
trumpet creeper (tiaozi), fragrant thoroughwort (lanhuacao), wild soybean
(shanmaodou), and other miscellaneous plants used for green manure.
Legume and rapeseed area for crops planted specifically for use as green
manure is also included. If the crop was originally intended to be
harvested, but the crop fails and the farmer uses it as green manure, then
it continues to be counted under bean and rapeseed area.
Gross value of agricultural output (GVAO). GVAO data for China are very
difficult to use. There is a variety of definitions, depending on the
source of the data, for the activities that are included and those that
are excluded in the statistics. Data for 1984-85 show that the statistics
do not consistently differentiate between current prices and constant 1980
prices. A close comparison of current price GVAO and constant 1980 price
GVAO data finds a number of provinces reporting identical numbers.
Readers should see the specific footnotes below the individual GVAO tables
for more information on the discrepancies.
Hemp. See jute and Indian hemp.
Huma. In China, huma is used to produce an edible oil, huma you, almost
indistinguishable from sesame oil (zhima you). Huma oil is the primary
edible oil in China's northwestern provinces, which grow few other
oilseeds for edible oil.
Indian hemp. Indian hemp (da ma) is separate from ambary hemp. It is not
clear if meng hemp (also called Indian mallow or China jute) is included
in the Indian hemp statistics or in the jute and ambary hemp statistics
(see jute and ambary hemp).
Investment. Agricultural investment is generally broken down into two
categories: state budgetary expenditures on agriculture and agricultural
capital construction investment (which covers construction, expansion,
transformation and restoration projects, as well as purchases and
installation of equipment). State budgetary expenditures include
investment in capital construction, rural production support, and working
capital. National agricultural capital construction investment, broken
down by sector (crops, livestock, forestry, aquatics, water conservation,
meteorology, and services), includes investments by all levels of
government. Individual or collective (sometimes referred to as
extrabudgetary) investment in agriculture is excluded. The definition for
national agricultural capital construction investment was changed in the
mid- 1980's to exclude agricultural capital construction investment in
meteorological facilities.
Irrigated area. Irrigated area is level land that is effectively
irrigated or has water sources and complete sets of irrigation equipment
to lift and move adequate water to the fields under normal conditions.
Jute and ambary hemp. Jute (huanghong ma) statistics include ambary hemp
(kenaf). Jute is separate from Indian hemp (da ma). It is not clear
whether meng hemp (also known as Indian mallow or China jute) is included
in jute or whether it is included in Indian hemp. Older jute series are
reported on an unprocessed basis. More recent series are reported on a
processed basis and have adjusted the older data to reflect the change.
Knits. Data on knits or knitted goods include both knitting wool and
woolen knitwear.
Livestock. Livestock statistics include all animals, whether used in
agriculture or not, but exclude all aquaculture (cultured, freshwater, and
saltwater).
Meat. See red meat and poultry meat.
Mixed average price. Mixed average retail or procurement prices are an
average of the fixed, negotiated, and open market prices for a commodity,
as well as an average of various standards, grades, and qualities.
MOFERT. An abbreviated term for China's Ministry of Foreign Economic
Relations and Trade. See trade.
Multiple crop index (MCI). The multiple crop index (or MCI) is a common
measure of the intensity of land use. It is the ratio of sown area to
cultivated area, expressed as a percentage.
Mutton. Mutton data include both sheep and goat meat. Only inventory
statistics separate sheep and goat data.
Oilseed crops. Oilseed crops, according to China's official definition,
include peanut, rapeseed, sesameseed, sunflowerseed, huma, and a number of
minor oilseeds. Soybean, cottonseed, and oil-bearing seeds and nuts from
trees are excluded. Soybeans, excluded from oilseed crops, are considered
a grain crop in China's statistics.
Other edible oilseeds. Other edible oilseed data are calculated as a
residual. Other edible oilseeds include such miscellaneous crops as
castor bean, safflowerseed, and perillaseed.
Other grains. It is unclear exactly which grains make up the other grain
category, although it probably includes barley, oats, buckwheat, proso
millet, meng beans, broad beans, ormosia beans, and an unknown number of
other minor grains or legumes. Other grain production is measured minus
the pod and on a dry weight basis.
Peanut. Peanut output statistics are calculated on a shelled, dry weight
basis.
Population. Population statistics include military personnel, but exclude
Taiwan. Rural population refers to persons whose permanent residence is
outside the jurisdiction of a city or a town. In 1982, 1984, and 1991,
the definitions for rural and urban populations were changed. With the
1991 change, the rural and urban statistics were recalculated back to the
year 1982, earlier data (1949-81) remained unchanged.
Potatoes. See tubers.
Poultry meat. Poultry meat output and consumption statistics include meat
from all varieties of poultry (chicken, duck, goose, and other).
Procurement. Procurement data are usually on a trade- grain (milled)
rather than a raw-grain (unmilled) basis. The most inclusive category of
procurement, total social procurement (shehui shougou), includes all
procurement by all types of government and nongovernment entities (supply
and marketing cooperatives, authorized factories or processing plants, and
other). Two other less inclusive categories of procurement that are also
frequently encountered in the statistics are state commercial enterprise
and supply and marketing cooperative procurement (quanmin suoyou shangye
he gongxiao hezuoshe shougou) and total commercial procurement (shehui
shangye shougou). It is unclear which of these two lesser categories is
more inclusive than the other, though it is likely that total commercial
procurement is the smaller of the two.
Procurement prices. Procurement prices are the prices paid by the State,
industrial enterprises, or individuals to the peasant for agricultural
crops. These prices are generally reported as a mixed average of fixed,
negotiated, and free market procurement prices and are based on a variety
of standards, varieties, and grades for each commodity.
Raw grain. A raw-grain basis means all the grains are unprocessed
(unhusked). Generally, production statistics are on a raw-grain basis,
while consumption, trade, and procurement statistics are on a trade-grain
(processed) basis.
Red meat. Red meat output (including beef, pork, and mutton) refers to
carcass weight. In general, red meat statistics exclude heads, hooves,
and offal, but include bone.
Rice. Rice includes water and dryland variety rice. Rice grown in
northern China is single crop late rice, also called northern rice. Rice
grown in southern China includes early rice, intermediate and single- crop
late rice, and double-crop late rice. Output is generally measured on a
dry, rough-weight basis.
Rural labor force. China's rural labor force refers to the series
originally reported by the SSB as rural collective and individual laborers
(nongcun jiti he geti laodongzhe). Rural labor is broken down into farm
work, rural industry, construction, transportation, commerce, and
miscellaneous occupations. Beginning in 1985, new definitions were used
to compile rural and urban labor force statistics. These new definitions
were used to adjust the old data back to 1978. In 1978, rural industrial
labor at and below the village-level was shifted from agriculture to
industry.
Shoes. Data on shoes include rubber, sports (athletic), and leather
shoes.
Slaughter rate. The slaughter rate of livestock, a measure of the rate of
slaughter of animal inventory, is calculated by dividing slaughter during
a given year by the beginning inventory of that year or the ending
inventory of the previous year.
Soybean. Soybean includes the following varieties: yellow (huang), green
(qing), black (hei), and others. Soybean production statistics are on a
dry, out-of-pod- weight basis.
Sugar. Sugar statistics in China include processed cane sugar and beet
sugar. The statistics are presented simply as "sugar" (tang), without
further explanation. Officials in China have told USDA officials that
sugar production and trade figures are reported on a refined rather than a
raw weight basis, but we were unable to confirm that interpretation. They
also indicated that roughly 75 percent is white sugar and 25 percent is
brown sugar.
Sugarbeet. Sugarbeet production figures are on the basis of beet root
weight (excluding leaves and stalks). All sugarbeet production is
included in output statistics, no matter the ultimate end use (produce
sugar, use for livestock feed, or use as a vegetable).
Sugarcane. Sugarcane production is computed on a cane stalk weight basis
(excludes leaves). Output statistics include both sugarcane (tangzhe) and
fruitcane (guozhe). Harvesting of sugarcane begins in the winter of one
calendar year and ends in the spring of the following year. All harvested
output is reported under the statistics of the first calendar year.
Tea. Tea production statistics include all tea harvested, whether from
cultivated area or wild tea plants. Tea production is calculated on a dry
weight basis.
Tobacco. Tobacco output is on a dry weight basis. China reports data for
total tobacco leaf and the flue-cured portion. The remainder is probably
made up of a number of local tobacco varieties. "Other tobacco" is
calculated by subtracting flue-cured tobacco from total tobacco.
Total grain. Total grain includes rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, millet,
other miscellaneous grains, tubers (potatoes), and soybeans. Minor grains
and pulses are included in the "other miscellaneous grains" category.
Total oilseeds. Total oilseeds include sunflowerseed, peanuts, rapeseed,
sesameseed, huma, and other such miscellaneous oilseed crops as castor
bean, safflower- seed, and perillaseed. Soybeans, cottonseed, and oil-
bearing seeds and nuts from trees are not included.
Tractors, large and medium. The current definition for large and medium
tractors is 20 horsepower (hp) or more; small tractors have less than 20
hp. Previously, large tractors were 60 hp, medium tractors were 30-59 hp,
and small tractors were less than 29 hp. It is not clear when the change
was made or if the old statistics were adjusted to reflect this change.
Tractors, small. Small tractors are currently defined as tractors with
less than 20 horsepower. Formerly, this category included tractors with
less than 29 horsepower.
Trade. Data in the historical trade series are all from China's Ministry
of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade (MOFERT). In MOFERT statistics,
exports are on a free-on-board (f.o.b.) basis, while imports are on a
cost, insurance, and freight (c.i.f.) basis. MOFERT data include all
types of trade under the Ministry's direct jurisdiction, whether or not
entering China's ports. The value added to goods imported, processed, and
then re-exported (such as labor costs and processing fees) is included.
MOFERT statistics also include aid commitments that have not yet been
delivered to China. However, MOFERT data exclude local trade not under
its jurisdiction, some joint venture trade, and all individual dealings.
Statistics from China's Customs Administration became available in 1981.
These statistics differ from those of MOFERT. Particularly in the early
1980's, Customs numbers tended to be lower than MOFERT because coverage in
some cases was more limited. However, as ever-increasing numbers of
independent (non- MOFERT administered) trading enterprises have been
established, Custom's statistics have grown to be larger than those
provided by MOFERT. Statistics from the Customs Administration include
trade only via China's ports and only Customs- cleared aid donations.
But, they include the full value of goods imported, processed, and re-
exported. They also cover a broader range of imports and exports,
including trade of local and provincial enterprises not reporting to
MOFERT, all joint enterprises, and trade by individuals and firms.
Trade grain. Statistics on procurement and sales of grain are reported on
a trade-grain basis. Trade grain is defined as unhusked rice and millet
that have been converted into husked forms, according to standard
conversion factors. Other grains (wheat, sorghum, and other) remain in
their unprocessed weight. Generally, consumption, trade, and procurement
statistics are on a trade-grain basis, while production statistics are on
a raw-grain basis.
Tubers. Tubers are considered a grain crop in China and are included in
total grain production statistics. Both sweet potatoes and Irish potatoes
are included, but, in recent years taro and cassava were excluded. Some
Irish potato production is excluded. In some provinces, potatoes grown
for use as vegetables are not counted as grain. Tuber statistics are
converted to grain equivalents on a 5:1 dry weight grain basis. Tuber
data prior to 1965 were converted on a 4:1 basis, so those years were
adjusted to the new standard 5:1 equivalent basis.
Vegetable. Figures are available for total vegetable area only. China's
statistical system does not collect vegetable production data. All areas
sown to vegetables and vegetable-type melons (cucumber, squash, pumpkin,
winter melon, bitter melon, towel gourd, and others) are included. Area
sown to fruit-type melons (watermelon, cantaloupe, muskmelon, and others)
is excluded. Instead, fruit-type melon area is included in a separate
melon category. Other items included in vegetable area statistics are
fennel (aniseed), water-bamboo (jiaobei), taro (yutou), and ginger
(shengjiang).
Winter wheat. Winter wheat output and area data are not published.
However, it was derived by subtracting published spring wheat data from
total wheat.
Wool. Total wool production data include mohair (shanyangmao) and sheep
wool (mianyangmao), but exclude cashmere (shanyangrong). Sheep wool
output is separated into fine (60's count grade or higher) and semi-fine
(36 to 58's count grade) wool output.
Yarn. Yarn is the total of cotton yarn, synthetic yarn, and cotton-
synthetic blended yarn. Only national-level data are available for pure
cotton yarn output.
Yellow cattle. Yellow cattle is a generic term for all of China's native
cattle.
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Suggested Readings
1. Chen Nai-Ruenn. Chinese Economic Statistics. Aldin Publishing
Company, Chicago, IL: 1967.
2. Handbook of Agricultural Statistical Work. Beijing, Statistical
Publishing House, June 1956. Translated by American Consulate General,
Hong Kong, in "Agricultural Statistics in Communist China," Current
Background. No. 434, Jan. 15, 1957.
3. Li Choh-ming. The Statistical System of Communist China. Berkeley
and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1962.
4. Matsuda, Yoshiro. "Methods of Compiling Crop Statistics in China,"
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